Bill Black: The Silver Anniversary of the “Keating Five” Meeting – Citizens United’s Precursor

Yves here. One of the themes in this Bill Black post is that a senior official who understands the importance of effective regulation can have an impact in a relatively short period of time. It’s important to keep that in mind as a reminder that the obstacle to reining in banks isn’t feasibility but lack of political will.

Bill Black, the author of The Best Way to Rob a Bank is to Own One and an associate professor of economics and law at the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Cross posted from New Economic Perspectives.

April 9, 2012 is the twenty-fifth anniversary of the most infamous savings and loan fraud, Charles Keating’s, successful use of five U.S. Senators to escape sanction for a massive violation of the law. The Senators were Alan Cranston (D. CA), Dennis DeConcini (D. AZ), John Glenn (D OH), John McCain (R. AZ), and Donald Riegle (D. MI). They became infamous as the “Keating Five.” I was one of four regulators who attended the April 9, 1987 meeting. I took the notes of the meeting, in transcript format, that were so detailed and accurate that the Senators testified that they were sure I had tape recorded the meeting. (The reality is that I owe my note taking abilities to Bill Valentine, my high school debate coach, and experience debating for the University of Michigan.)

Reviewing my (near) transcript of the April 9 offers a large number of important lessons that would have allowed us to avoid future crises. We suffered the crises because we ignored all the lessons about which approaches are criminogenic and which are successful. The transcript shows four things that work. First, we were apolitical as regulators. I worked closely in the same regional office with my three regulatory colleagues for years, but I do not know their political affiliation (if any). We went after the S&L frauds and their political cronies regardless of party. Second, we were vigorous and fearless enough as regulators that the frauds (e.g., Keating) feared us. Keating knew that despite his fearsome political power and reputation for trying to ruin his opponents we (the regional S&L regulators based in San Francisco) would never back off.

Third, we were effective. The April 9 meeting exemplified how a largely ineffective office had improved greatly in two years. Ed Gray, the head of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, inherited an agency driven by an anti-regulatory dogma that was actively making things worse. Gray had been a strong supporter of deregulation. Gray’s great virtue is that he listened to the facts and looked for patterns. What he realized was that the large failures followed a consistent pattern. They were (to use modern criminology jargon) “control frauds” – seemingly legitimate entities controlled by officers who used them as “weapons” to defraud the S&L’s creditors and shareholders. Gray knew that S&Ls that were still open and followed the same pattern were growing at an average annual rate of 50% and that hundreds of similar S&Ls were entering the industry annually. Gray perceived, correctly, that business as usual would produce a catastrophe.

Gray began to reregulate the industry in 1983. That was extraordinary on several dimensions. The Garn-St Germain bill (drafted by Gray’s predecessor, Richard Pratt) that deregulated the S&L industry was enacted in 1982. It passed with one opposing vote in each chamber. For Gray to begin to reregulate the industry only a year later was an enormous repudiation of the will of the Congress, the Reagan administration, neo-classical economics, the anti-governmental zeitgeist, and the agency’s traditional position. It also required Gray to reverse his embrace of deregulation. To succeed in his push to reregulate the industry Gray had to take on, simultaneously, the House, the Senate, the administration, the S&L trade association (rated the third most powerful in America by some political scientists), economists, much of his own agency, and the media. Astonishingly, Gray’s reregulation succeeded and because it was so prompt it contained the crisis and prevented a trillion dollars in fraud losses and a Great Recession.

By contrast, reregulation began in the current crisis in 2009 (the effective date of the Federal Reserve’s rule finally banning liar’s loans (fraudulent mortgage loans made without verifying the borrower’s income). The nine year-to-ten year delay in reregulation (measured from passage of Gramm-Leach-Bliley (1999) or the Commodities Futures Modernization Act (2000) allowed fraud to become epidemic and hyper-inflate the financial bubble, producing the Great Recession.

One of the early rules Gray pushed to stem the crisis restricted “direct investments” e.g., taking an equity risk rather than making a conventional loan). This was the rule that served as the flashpoint for the Keating Five meeting. Gray realized that he needed to resupervise the industry as well as reregulate it. Gray doubled the number of examiners and supervisors – in 18 months. He personally recruited the two individuals with the best reputation in the U.S. as effective financial regulators, Joseph Selby and Michael Patriarca, to serve respectively as the top field regulators in our Dallas and San Francisco office, which had jurisdiction over Texas, California, and Arizona – the epicenters of the S&L fraud crisis. James Cirona, the President of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (FHLBSF), strongly supported Patriarca and made the crackdown on the frauds his top priority. The Bank Board in general and the FHLBSF in particular rapidly became far more effective regulators, particularly with respect to frauds like Keating. The four regulators at the April 9 meeting were Cirona, Patriarca, Richard Sanchez (Lincoln’s “Supervisory Agent”), and me.

Our examiners and supervisors discovered and documented Lincoln Savings’ officers’ frauds and resultant disastrous direct investment and lending practices. Bart Dzivi’s discovery of Lincoln Savings, Drexel Burnham Lambert (dominated by Michael Milken), and Arthur Andersen’s (AA) combined fraud is one of the great finds of all time. In the course of reviewing thousands of pages of seemingly routine underwriting documents on junk bonds he noticed that some of the pages were not numbered sequentially and that in one or two files (out of hundreds) the purportedly contemporaneous (and carefully undated) underwriting documents contained information that became available only after the purchase of the junk bonds. Dzivi realized that the most likely explanation was that the supposed underwriting documents were created after the fact and then stuffed into the files to make it appear that Lincoln Savings engaged in underwriting before it purchased junk bonds. Dzivi’s insight prompted an enforcement investigation led by Anne Sobol that proved the file stuffing and discovered and document widespread forgeries of documents and signatures designed to cover up the massive violation of the limits on direct investments.

Dzivi’s and Sobol’s findings added to the examiners’ findings about Lincoln Savings’ losses and its massive violation of the “direct investment” limits to establish a case for taking an enforcement action, or placing Lincoln Savings in conservatorship, that would lead to Keating losing control over the S&L and facing lawsuits and prosecution.

Keating was amazed and distraught that we discovered and documented these frauds and he knew that we would make criminal referrals that could send him to prison. Being prosecuted was a very serious risk. The San Francisco office was the most aggressive office in closing fraudulent S&Ls and making criminal referrals. We were building a staff of attorneys and investigators expert in discovering, documenting, and punishing fraud. Chris Seefer became our lead investigator, a far more than full time job. Despite insane hours, he put himself through night programs and earned an MBA and then a J.D. Keating was used to regulators and politicians fearing him, he was not used to fearing the regulators.

Fourth, we understood modern finance theory – and we knew it was false, indeed, absurd. We also called its predictions false in blunt, non-bureaucratic language. Consider this exchange between Senator DeConcini and Michael Patriarca. (I have edited it slightly for the sake of brevity, but it is important to know that during the exchange Patriarca informed the Senators that we were making a criminal referral against Lincoln Savings’ senior officers. Patriarca also explained that the S&L’s outside auditor, Arthur Young, had given a “clean” audit opinion despite an accounting treatment that allowed an absurd $12 million revenue recognition for a deal that was unwound.)

McCAIN: Why would Arthur Young say these things about the exam – that it was inordinately long and bordered on harassment?

DECONCINI: Why would Arthur Young say these things? They have to guard their credibility too. They put the firm’s neck out with this letter.

PATRIARCA: They have a client.

DECONCINI: You believe they’d prostitute themselves for a client?

PATRIARCA: Absolutely. It happens all the time.

Note that DeConcini phrased his question in a manner designed to force Patriarca to back off his criticism of Arthur Young (AY) – what regulator would dare tell a group of U.S. Senators that AY, one of the most prestigious audit firms in the world, would act as a “prostitute”? I cannot convey to you how startled the Senators were. They expected to be leaning on four field regulators. Five U.S. Senators against four regional bureaucrats is equivalent to the sending the NBA champions, playing at home, against an NCAA Division III college basketball team. The Senators had clearly never seen anything like us. Patriarca was always an outstanding leader, but this was his finest five minutes.

[It is a testament to how fraud-friendly the federal judiciary has become that a prominent jurist, the Seventh Circuit’s Judge Easterbrook, has written opinions requiring the dismissal of complaints against outside auditors on the basis that Easterbrook assumes that it would be “irrational” for a prestigious audit firm to ever give a clean opinion to fraudulent financial statements because doing so would harm their valuable reputation. Easterbrook based this assumption on (long falsified) economics dogma, not facts. Patriarca’s statement was based on facts. Patriarca’s statement was publicly available and supported by the criminology literature and key economics findings. Easterbrook ignored the inconvenient facts, research findings, and theories that had long since falsified the dogma that supplied Easterbrook’s assumption that markets automatically exclude fraud. Similarly, Easterbrook ignored the findings of the national commission that investigated the causes of the S&L debacle that reported on how the S&L “control frauds” created the “Gresham’s” dynamic that drove good auditing out of the profession.]

We should have learned from the April 2 meeting how devastating corporate money could be. Keating used four means to recruit the Senators who became known as the “Keating Five,” but they all depended on spending money. One must always remember that a large contribution from a Senator’s perspective represents chump change from a corporation’s perspective. Keating used Alan Greenspan as a lobbyist who walked the halls of the Senate to enlist the Senators as Keating’s allies. He used Greenspan as a famous name to make economics reports hostile to the direct investment rule appear more prestigious. Greenspan supported Lincoln Savings’ request to make enormous amounts of direct investments, opining that it “posed no foreseeable risk of loss.” (It was the most expensive S&L failure.) Greenspan added his prestige to a study by George Benston; whose study of the 34 S&Ls that made significant amounts of direct investments led him to conclude that the agency should urge other S&Ls to emulate the 34 S&Ls. Two years later, each of the 34 S&Ls he praised had failed. Keating, of course, touted to the Senators the Greenspan and Benston praise for direct investments.

Keating used money to secure letters of support from two top tier audit firms, which he then used to recruit the Keating Five. Keating got the letters from AA and AY. Money was his underlying weapon, but the cases are distinct. Keating spent huge amounts of Lincoln Savings’ money on his expensive outside lawyers. AA decided to resign as Keating’s outside auditor, which would normally be a bright red flag of potential accounting and securities fraud. Keating perverted a warning signal into an assault on the regulator by threatening to sue AA for resigning the account unless it agree to sign a resignation letter, drafted by Lincoln’s lawyers, attacking the agency. To its shame, AA gave in to this extortion. (AA created the phony underwriting documents that Lincoln Savings then inserted in its files to deceive the regulators.)

AY replaced AA as Keating’s outside auditor. The AY audit partner, Jack Atchison, signed an extraordinary screed on AY letterhead – on behalf of AY (he signed as “AY” rather than signing his name). Landing such a huge client was Atchison’s greatest coup. Becoming a top “rainmaker” is the route to promotion, prestige, and power in modern audit and legal firms. Snagging Lincoln Savings as a client stood to make Atchison even wealthier because Keating was soon offering to triple his salary and bring him in-house. Atchison accepted the offer.

Keating primarily recruited the Keating Five, however, through the most traditional of means – large political contributions (implicitly) paid for by the government. He maximized the contributions through two traditional tactics. Lincoln Savings’ officers received exceptional compensation. They were expected to make large contributions to entities Keating favored. Keating took credit for these contributions by “bundling” them together and delivering them to the politician. Keating also gave “soft” money to funds to benefit Senators Cranston (voter registration) and Glenn (retiring his campaign debt). Similarly, Speaker of the House James Wright, Jr. did favors for the worst Texas S&L frauds after they made campaign contributions to the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC). The underlying commonality is that the most fraudulent firms have the greatest incentive to use political contributions to secure immunity from effective regulation and prosecution. Money is no object to a CEO that is looting “his” firm. Keating bragged that he spent $50 million in 2007 in legal, accounting, and lobbying fees to fight our examination findings about Lincoln Savings. My saying during the S&L debacle was that for a looter the highest return on assets was always a political contribution.

Senator McCain was unique among the Senators in having a family financial interest in Lincoln Savings securing immunity from sanctions for its violation of the direct investment rule. His wife and father-in-law (the source of his family wealth) were engaged in a large direct investment with Lincoln Savings. If we enforced the rule the McCain family and his father-in-law were likely to suffer severe losses.

Senator McCain, of course, was chastened by the Keating Five experience and later, with Senator Feingold, introduced legislation to restrain campaign finance’s abuses. The Supreme Court gutted the reform effort in its Citizens United decision.

Keating’s frauds should have also warned us against the recently passed JOBS Act. One of the problems we had in getting the public to treat the growing S&L crisis as a crisis was that federal deposit insurance meant that there were few obvious individual victims. Keating put a face on the crisis. He caused Lincoln Savings’ insolvent holding company (ACC) to fraudulently issue worthless junk bonds – sold out of Lincoln’s branches under a special SEC exemption for issuers of securities who do not sell through investment bankers. Lincoln Savings targeted retirement communities for these sales. Tens of thousands of California widows were victims of Lincoln and ACC’s frauds. The S&L debacle now had a face, and it was our grandmother’s face. The JOBS Act will encourage frauds against the most vulnerable members of our society.

It is remarkable that Bank Board Chairman Gray refused the Senators efforts to coerce a deal to immunize Lincoln Saving’s violation of the direct investment rule given the Senators’ exceptional political leverage. Our only hope to restore remotely adequate funding to close the frauds depended on support for the FSLIC Recapitalization bill in the Senate (we had just been crushed in the House in March 1987 by combination of the “Faustian Bargain” between the S&L industry’s trade association and the representatives of the S&L control frauds and the deal between Speaker Wright and the Reagan administration not to reappoint Chairman Gray upon the expiry of his term at the end of June 1987. The latter deal led to Senator Garn’s protégé, M. Danny Wall, becoming Bank Board Chairman. Wall promptly took a series of unprecedented actions to placate Keating’s political cronies (which soon include Speaker Wright). He ordered an end to the examination and investigation of Lincoln Savings. When we persisted in recommending that Lincoln Savings be placed in conservatorship he removed our jurisdiction over Lincoln Savings and agreed not to take any enforcement action against the massive violation of the direct investment rule. The result was the looting of the widows. Lincoln Savings’ frauds were so pervasive that it used its impunity from meaningful enforcement to become the most expensive financial failure in our history.

Ultimately, we blew the whistle on Wall, Speaker Wright, and the Keating Five. Wall and Wright resigned in disgrace. The Keating Five received minimal ethics sanctions, but they were deeply embarrassed. The Bush (I) administration decided to make the prosecution and sanctioning of the elite frauds that drove the debacle a top priority. It resumed and even expanded many of Gray’s policies (particularly in enforcement and supporting criminal prosecutions). Accounting control fraud is a weapon of mass financial destruction. When it is not blocked by effective regulation and prosecution it becomes a mass destroyer of employment.

Gray and Selby (who Wall forced out of office to curry favor with Speaker Wright) chose to give up their careers – at the peak of their careers – to save the nation from catastrophe. Brooksley Born (CFTC Chair) did much the same in the run up to the current crisis. The overwhelming majority of financial regulatory leaders appointed by the most recent Bush administration were chosen because they were leading opponents of regulation. They created a self-fulfilling prophecy of regulatory failure. We will know that an administration is serious about financial reform when it appoints Mike Patriarca, Chris Seefer, and Bart Dzivi as regulatory and enforcement leaders. The key lesson that Gray and Patriarca understood is that it was essential to hire willing to four Senators (Cranston was managing a bill on the floor of the Senate when the exchange happened) that of course some AY audit partners would prostitute themselves for a fraudulent client – “it happens all the time.” Let’s hire people as regulators and prosecutors with a track record of success, integrity, and courage. The problem is that recent administrations have preferred to appoint the people with a track record of failure and poor integrity. The reason for that preference is the old accounting joke – pick the audit partner who responds to the interview question (“what is two plus two”) by saying: “what would you like it to be”? The joke, of course, is an admission that professional prostitution is far too common among audit partners.

I call on President Obama to recognize the hero of the silver anniversary of the Keating Five meeting by appointing Michael Patriarca as head of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. We need regulators who will live out the famous credo of the Friends (Quakers): “speak truth to power.”

Print Friendly, PDF & Email

23 comments

  1. A. G Gelbert

    Sir, I don’t understand why there are no comments to your excellent summation of the continual and tenacious corruption by Washington D.C. insiders.
    You are a man of honor.

    Alan Greenspan should be in prison for aiding and abeting control fraud at the national level. I believe this is treason because it has genuinely undermined the national security of the US. The cascade of deleterious effects is only starting and will continue to gather momentum as more and more financial misery is visited on hapless American citizens.

    I hope President Obama listens to your suggestion but I’m not holding my breath.

    1. JTFaraday

      I think a careful account of Greenspan’s long history of involvement with fraud across several Republican and Democratic Administrations– all in one place and written in plain English– could be really illuminating for a lot of people.

  2. jake chase

    Terrific post. Once again it is crystal clear that economics is about bullshit and fraud is about facts. Our celebrated economists are nothing but public relations men. We need more unraveling of fraud and less mind bending analysis of economic stupidity.

    I don’t know how McCain ever recovered from his connection to Charlie Keating. I suppose not even consorting with criminals can tarnish the halo of a war hero.

    1. Richard

      McCain is not a war hero: that is, he’s not famous for what he did in combat.

      He’s famous for having survived as a POW and helping others survive, and while I have tremendous respect for that, I bristle every time I hear someone call him a war hero.

      The guys who earned the Medal of Honor, those are war heroes.

  3. financial matters

    Thanks for this. The good guys are out there, but would really help for them to have some political help

  4. Rcoutme

    I had hoped that the Democrats would have been furious enough at the Republicans for the latter’s behavior during the years 2001-2006 (turning off lights an microphone during hearings, etc.) that they would have prosecuted everything under the sun. I then hoped (although I feared the buggers) that the Tea Party newbies (to the legislature) would find a way to demand it. I know now that neither group was willing to go after war criminals and fraudsters.

    I was also amazed (although sort of relieved) that the citizens of New York City did not go after Bernie Madoff while he was living in his palace (oops! I mean penthouse apartment) with torches and either pitchforks or tar and feathers. I guess they really have calmed down since colonial times, in spite of the mugger claims to the opposite.

    I hope that someone will either 1) prosecute the criminals or, if not, 2) at least put some effective laws and enforcement in to prevent a reoccurrance. I am not holding my breath on this, though, given what I have seen so far. I fear that the only way that we will get justice is by the Old West movies style: If’n we’re gonna have law and order in this here country, we need to take all the fraudsters out the back and shoot ’em down like dogs!

    1. Richard

      “we need to take all the fraudsters out the back and shoot ‘em down like dogs!”

      Heads on pikes would be better.

  5. Matt

    Possible editing changes needed?

    Keating bragged that he spent $50 million in 2007 …

    You mean 1987, or “In 2007 Keating bragged that he spent $50 million”

    “to hire willing to four Senators”
    This seems to have been changed to a fractured sentence.
    I’m not sure how much was deleted.

  6. Cheyenne

    “In the course of reviewing thousands of pages of seemingly routine underwriting documents on junk bonds he noticed that some of the pages were not numbered sequentially and that in one or two files (out of hundreds) the purportedly contemporaneous (and carefully undated) underwriting documents contained information that became available only after the purchase of the junk bonds.”

    Similarly, is the real reason so many promissory notes haven’t been found/disclosed in foreclosure suits that they bear dates AFTER their sale to MBS investors, a clear-cut case of fraud? Perhaps this issue has been vetted and I’ve just missed it in today’s blizzard of frauds.

    “Judge Easterbrook, has written opinions requiring the dismissal of complaints against outside auditors on the basis that Easterbrook assumes that it would be ‘irrational’ for a prestigious audit firm to ever give a clean opinion to fraudulent financial statements because doing so would harm their valuable reputation. Easterbrook based this assumption on (long falsified) economics dogma, not facts”

    A pernicious practice, this, forestalling as it does (1) the development during discovery of facts materially conflicting with said assumptions and thus warranting (2) the denial of summary judgment. Victims of this tactic are deprived of their 7th amendment rights.

    Easterbrook is also a big fan of spewing dicta in an earlier case that he later relies on to prop up a holding in a later case–a trick he learned from Richard Posner (also of the 7th Circuit).

    * * *

    Yves sat on a Thanksgiving Eve PBS panel last year to discuss why not one criminal prosecutions has gone forward despite the enormity of our current crisis. The banking apologist du jour was none other than the author of the Lehman bankruptcy report, that 2200-page colossus of fraud and regulatory corruption. LIke Bill Murray’s Hercules (“this rock is too heavy; I will lift another”), he opined that criminal intent is just oh-so hard to prove that we might as well not bother with the $10T fraud. Obviously he knows better, but apparently the criminogenic environment now envelops the most prestigious law firms in the U.S. As Yves might say, this would appear to be a feature, not a bug.

    In any event, we should all hope Bill Black wasn’t our last Ferdinand Pecora.

  7. More Like Him

    I read this stuff and can’t help but feel outrage, and also the gnawing paranoia that this was done intentionally for maximum damage:

    “By contrast, reregulation began in the current crisis in 2009 (the effective date of the Federal Reserve’s rule finally banning liar’s loans (fraudulent mortgage loans made without verifying the borrower’s income). The nine year-to-ten year delay in reregulation (measured from passage of Gramm-Leach-Bliley (1999) or the Commodities Futures Modernization Act (2000) allowed fraud to become epidemic and hyper-inflate the financial bubble, producing the Great Recession.”

  8. Lil'D

    There has always been corruption, but there has occasionally been some strong countervailing force.

    Alas, not much anymore. We may be past the tipping point. I hope not, but I don’t see where “the public” care enough, nor what we can actually do.

    I’ll finger Bush v. Gore as what pushed us over the edge…

    1. John M

      “I’ll finger Bush v. Gore as what pushed us over the edge…”

      And how! Just imagine how the 2000s would have gone had Gore been allowed to take office as President. Following President Clinton’s example, we probably would have had scandal upon scandal allegation, culminating in the impreachment of President Gore for lying about something such as his mother-in-law’s shoe size.

      And we’d still be in our nightmare of peace and prosperity.

      1. Lil'D

        And we wouldn’t have Alito on the court, we’d have some liberal moderate justice instead, hence a whole lot of crappy 5-4 decisions might have gone the other way.

      2. Tag Teams

        * President Clinton signed the 1999 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act which repealed the Glass-Steagall Act.

        * President Obama (R-Va.) signed the ‘Jobs Act’

        * Boosh actually signed SOX into law

        Now if Nader had been properly elected..

        1. Elizabeth

          Ding! Cue the Ralph Nader jokes. But seriously, folks, what if Nader had been president during all those years? Makes for an interesting alternative plot. . . . What might he have done to put seatbelts on our “unsafe at any speed” banking system?

  9. John M

    “It’s important to keep that in mind as a reminder that the obstacle to reining in banks isn’t feasibility but lack of political will.”

    This is probably half-right. For a significant portion of the people who could do something, including President Obama, it’s not so much a lack of political will as a strong presence of political won’t.

    1. Betty Fraud Clinic

      All three of President Barack Obama’s chiefs of staff pulled in cool millions of loot after passing through the revolving entrails that lie between the Democratic Party and Wall Street, and Citi and Morgan and…. the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak (corrupt).

    2. Elizabeth

      Absolutely. I long for the day when I’ll stop hearing remarks all over Facebook about how he’s really trying but he can’t blah blah blah, Republican opposition blah blah blah. “Political won’t” is right on it. Obama is the best-paid lobbyist on the banks’ payroll. How naive can we be, figuring that he’s going to work against them?

  10. L Goodmang

    YVES,

    I am curious as to why Bill Black has not been asked to return to some position in the re-regulation post crisis…Is there a story of him crossing swords with team obama that resulted in him not being asked? Why else would they not at least bring him in as an advisor?

    1. Nowhuffo

      Both Bill B. & Elizabeth W. have obvious personality flaws that are incompatible with the Obama administration.

  11. Susan the other

    Bill Black never disappoints. He has so many legal details at his fingertips and a memory of events that is astonishing. He lets us know the difficulty of seeing it through. No less so today than back then. And I was amused by the paragraph on Greenspan’s lobbying for Keating. Is Greenspan the model for Zelig?

  12. Up the Ante

    “.. then stuffed into the files to make it appear that _________ engaged in underwriting ..”

    Isn’t that exactly what these federal judges are currently being tasked with, file-stuffing ?

    “we understood modern finance theory – and we knew it was false, indeed, absurd. ” Yes.

    “the Seventh Circuit’s Judge Easterbrook, has written opinions requiring the dismissal of complaints against outside auditors on the basis that Easterbrook assumes that it would be “irrational” for a prestigious audit firm to ever give a clean opinion to fraudulent financial statements ”

    Easterbrook is doubtless now asking for dismissal of scrutiny for himself and fellow judges for their file-stuffing tasks. He would ask you to label yourself as “irrational” for, is it one or the other, believing these ‘servers of justice’ [federal judges] could so prostitute themselves in the service of fraud, or irrational in believing they wouldn’t perform as tasked.

    Now what does that face staring at you from the federal judiciary look like ?

Comments are closed.