By Gareth Vaughan and Denise McNabb of www.interest.co.nz, and Richard Smith of Naked Capitalism. An earlier version of this post appeared at www.interest.co.nz
New Zealand Foreign Trusts, to be radically reformed after the recently-announced wholesale adoption of the Shewan report’s recommendations, are just the tip of the iceberg in terms of the ethically challenged and outright criminal use of a range of New Zealand corporate entities overseas.
Aside from trusts, New Zealand registered companies, financial service providers and building societies all feature too. Countries as diverse as Brazil, China, Malta, Latvia, Denmark, and the United States have felt their impact. Ponzi schemes, drugs, arms, tax scams and money laundering all feature alongside the simply bizarre. Usually the perpetrators are not New Zealanders. But New Zealanders have proven themselves willing to act as fronts for some very dodgy people offshore.
Concern about the behaviour of NZ registered, but overseas operating companies ramped up after the activities of shell company SP Trading came to light in 2009.
The aircraft was forced down while travelling over Thai airspace. When investigated in Bangkok it was found to contain 35 tonnes of North Korean weaponry including rocket-propelled grenades, missile and rocket launchers, missile tubes, surface to air missile launchers, spare parts and other heavy weapons to an estimated value of US$18 million. In the extensive publicity of the incident that followed there was considerable focus on the fact that the lessee of the plane was a New Zealand registered shell company [SP Trading].
This extract is taken from a High Court judgment from Justice Raynor Asher. The judgment blocked an attempt by Lu Zhang, the sole director of SP Trading whose day job was flipping burgers at Burger King, to be discharged without conviction having pleaded guilty to making 74 false statements under the Companies Act. (She was convicted and discharged without further penalty).
The weapons on the plane were bound for Iran in contravention of United Nations sanctions.
Since then, curious dubious, or outright criminal overseas activities of dodgy New Zealand companies, financial service providers, building societies and foreign trusts have remained in the news somewhere or other, almost unabated.
The details
Through the map below we have highlighted the activities of many of these entities, and the parts of the world where their activities have been felt, and in some cases where the perpetrators were located. It goes without saying that theses activities have not bolstered NZ’s international reputation.
Hovering your mouse over the dots on the map will bring up headlines and links to stories. We’ve mined our memories for a wide ranging smorgasbord. That said, there are undoubtedly others that could be here too, and we’re happy to take suggestions.
Punching above our weight
NZ is far from alone in having problems in the shadowy world of offshore finance. But the country, partly due to having a cheap and simple companies registration system, and being an easy place to do business, coupled with an international reputation for being among the least corrupt nations around, has proven ripe for exploitation.
And Swiss cheese style regulatory holes don’t help. For example, NZ foreign trusts. In a great example of the law of unintended consequences, when set up just right, NZ foreign trusts can escape tax everywhere.
Then there’s the Financial Service Providers Register (FSPR). In another unintended consequence, this has enabled overseas companies to register as NZ entities and operate solely overseas. In many cases these entities have erroneously claimed to be regulated or licensed in NZ. Or regulators in offshore jurisdictions have assumed quite reasonably that they are actually regulated in NZ.
As one overseas critic put it, the FSPR creates a scenario akin to handing out drivers licences to people who can go and drive anywhere in the world apart from in NZ. And if they cause carnage and crashes, “it’s not your remit, you don’t care.”
Then there’s the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act (AML/CFT Act). The guidelines on the territorial scope of the AML/CFT Act state; “An entity incorporated or formed in New Zealand, which carries on financial activities wholly outside New Zealand, will not be a ‘reporting entity’ under the AML/CFT Act.”
The problem with this is the potential it opens up for regulatory arbitrage. Regulators in other jurisdictions, where a NZ registered financial service provider is operating, may presume that – hailing from a well-regarded country like NZ – the financial service provider is overseen for AML/CFT Act compliance in its apparent homeland. But unfortunately this often simply has not been the case.
Then there’s the issue of different regulators and different regulations for what amounts to overseeing the same entity.
In 2014 the Financial Markets Authority (FMA) was given powers to deregister entities from the FSPR if it considers their registration creates a misleading impression about the extent that entity is regulated in NZ, or will damage the integrity or reputation of NZ’s financial markets. The FMA recently provided us with a list of 64 entities it has had deregistered from the FSPR since obtaining that power.
Of those 64, 35 remain as NZ registered companies.
Not fit to be an FSP, but fit to be a company
This begs the question; if a company is deemed unfit to be on the FSPR, why it is deemed fit to remain a registered NZ company?
Asked about this a Companies Office spokeswoman said; “The two regimes have different purposes and are not linked to each other (although the two registers do interact in some circumstances).”
The purpose of the FSPR includes providing information on financial service providers that may provide financial services in NZ, whereas the purpose of the Companies Register is to provide information about companies incorporated in NZ and the identity of their directors and shareholders, she said.
Changes made to the Companies Act in 2014, to help crack down on the misuse of NZ’s company registration regime, mean all new companies incorporated from May 1 last year need to:
Provide date and place of birth of all directors (this is not publicly available).
Have at least one director who lives in New Zealand; or lives in Australia and is also a director of an Australian incorporated company.
Provide details of any ultimate holding company if applicable.
This, according to the Companies Office, means there’s “an easily locatable and contactable point of contact” who can be held liable for the company.
Alas, that’s what Lu Zhang was in the case of SP Trading. And she proved to be no more than a patsy.
And we recently brought you the story of Fennas Finance. This NZ company was registered on May 20, 2015 (after the Companies Act changes took effect) and then helped a shadowy offshore entity use an ANZ bank account as a Ponzi scheme depository.
Asked about whether any action was being taken, or considered, against Fennas Finance, the Companies Office spokeswoman said; “The Companies Office is unable to comment on whether or not it is considering action against Fennas Finance Limited.”
In terms of NZ companies operating overseas, the Companies Office spokeswoman said; “Where a NZ registered company is operating overseas, it will be subject to the laws of that jurisdiction.”
Again, this has often proven to simply not be the case: witness Euro Forex. Sophisticated international crooks are very adept at taking a slice of NZ, a pinch of the UK, and a dollop of somewhere else, and hey presto! A crooked investment scheme is ready for sale into Asia.
Thus a great deal of cross border regulatory cooperation is required to combat this activity. From a NZ perspective, it’s not clear enough of this is happening.
If it was, would, for example, John David Beckett, aka Lord Taylor of Warwick, have been able to be a director of Vivier and Company between September 3 and November 23, 2014? A member of Britain’s House of Lords, he was jailed in 2011 for false expense claims, and disbarred in 2012 for “conduct discreditable to a barrister.”
‘Alarm bells should sound’
The FMA recently had to go to the Court of Appeal to enforce deregistration from the FSPR on Vivier. The Court of Appeal judgment notes that if a financial service provider like Vivier is not providing financial services in or from NZ, nor generating any associated financial activity in NZ, and can’t demonstrate any intention of doing so, “alarm bells should sound.”
That’s an attitude we like.
With the Panama Papers having shone a spotlight on NZ foreign trusts, we’ve recently had an inquiry into their very limited disclosure rules. And just last week, the Government completed its review of NZ’s FSPR.
In the FSPR review there’s one question that should be seriously considered. The FSPR was established in part to help NZ meet its Financial Action Task Force (FATF) obligations before the AML/CFT Act took effect in 2013. FATF is an inter-governmental body established by the Group of Seven that sets international policies and standards on anti-money laundering and combating terrorist financing.
So now the AML/CFT Act is in place, and most legitimate financial service providers must comply with some form of licensing obligation, does NZ even need a FSPR?
Here’s hoping some good decisions come out of both reviews.
Further reading: this is the fourth article in a series about New Zealand’s role in the offshore finance world. Below are headlines from, and links to, the other articles in the series:
6 comments
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to the authors: Hi, thanks for your report and links to other articles in your series. I shall read them all.
I would like to know what this amateurish ‘regulation’ means to ordinary Kiwis. I am not a countryman (USA citizen here) but am contemplating emigrating to NZ as I find recent developments in North America to be distressing to say the least.
Are there reputable banks in the country? Any advice for an emigre?
Advice? The NZ real estate market is overdue for a crash so minimize any commitment there. Large immigration inflows include flight capitalists favored by wealthy-friendly policy. Right-wing government has done utmost to avoid popping the bubble that enriches its voting base but may not succeed for much longer. Banks large and small are all exposed but I can’t tell you which would fail first. Whichever it is will be subject to the NZ Reserve Bank bail-in resolution rules, as yet untried, which shut failing bank overnight and bail in as much of creditor funds as may seem needed then re-open next day. Creditors include deposit-holders, even small ones. Tiny NZ stock market is a plaything of the global ones and overvalued accordingly. On the bright side, government bonds are probably safe and still pay somewhat positive interest. ‘Deregulation’ has been popular here since 1984 and accounts for a lot of the above. Our current leader was formerly a forex trader at Merrill Lynch. He was elected in 2008 to celebrate the GFC and has been re-elected twice since. But, don’t let me discourage you!
Just go with the post office bank, aka Kiwibank.
A small note, the map is just a static image here. Head over to the original article for a working version.
It worked for me
If, as presented, the London Financial District is the ‘big time,’ and is appropriately called ‘The City,’ then New Zealands’ much smaller and almost ‘rusticated’ financial zone should be called ‘The Shire.’ The correlations seem to be exact.
To pervert Shakspeare:
“All the world’s a Market,
And all the men and women merely brokers;
They have their shorts and their puts,
And one man in his time plays many games,
His games being infinite…”